Nutritional Sources and Salinity - Free Essay Example

Abstract In the laboratory, Serratia marcescens was utilized to test Growth and Prodigiosin production under various environmental factors. The environmental conditions were temperature, pH, oxygen availability, nutritional sources, and salinity. The temperatures tested were 4 degrees Celsius, 25 degrees Celsius, and 65 degrees Celsius, and the pH values were (3, 7, 11). The carbon source was maltose and glucose. The salinity measurements consisted of 0.1% NaCl, 1.0% NaCl, and 3.0% NaCl. Lastly, the oxygen requirement was tested by using two groups, one group was tested using aeration (shaking), and one group was tested with no aeration (no shaking). The results indicate that optimal growth was experienced at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, NaCl concentration of 0.1% and no aeration. Prodigiosin production was affected under most of the same conditions, for example, it experienced optimal growth at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, a pH of 7, and the same carbon source. However, results differ because Prodigiosin production experiences a higher rate at a salt concentration of 3% NaCl, and, under conditions of no aeration. Introduction Serratia marcescens is a pathogenic bacterium that invades humans and mimics the red color of blood making it hard to detect. S. marcescens was once considered a harmless saprophyte, which is a type of microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. However, S. marcescens is now recognized as a significant opportunistic pathogen which has a tendency to create healthcare related infection and antimicrobial resistance (Herra and Falkiner 1984). Prodigiosin is an antifungal red pigment produced by S. marcescens, it holds antibacterial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, however, it is used primarily as a biochemical tool (NCBI 2014). Although bacteria are highly adaptable in nature, which is why they are found in nearly every place on earth, certain environmental conditions affect optimal growth for different types of bacteria. For instance, most disease-causing bacteria thrive in warm temperatures, which is why the human body provides an ideal environment for many types of bacteria to grow. On the other hand, some bacteria are able to survive in freezing temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius, yet other types of bacteria would not survive in temperatures below 60 degrees Celsius (Wagner 2008). In another way, optimal growth of bacteria is affected by pH. pH is used to classify the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, pH values range from 1.0 (very acidic) to 14.0 (very basic). Most bacterium grow best around a neutral pH value (7). However, some bacteria thrive in very basic conditions, yet some can tolerate a pH of 1.0 (Blamire 2000). Carbon sources also play a significant role in the growth of bacteria. Carbon is known as the structural backbone of organic compounds, and each carbon source may support different bacterial growth rates. Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in an amount of water, the percent of sodium chloride present in the solution used for this lab accounts for the salinity. Because bacteria are extraordinarily diverse, certain types of bacteria thrive in salty environments while others do not. For example, research suggests that S. Marcescens is highly adaptable to salty environments and can continue to reproduce under harsh conditions (classified as 80 g/L) and extreme conditions (classified as 100 g/L salt concentrations) (Ketola and Hiltunen 2014). On the other hand, oxygen requirements, also known as aeration or no aeration play an important role in the growth of bacteria. Aeration is believed to stimulate the growth of bacteria because it provides much needed oxygen to the environment f or bacteria to use for growth and development (Mattick 1940). Such environmental conditions affect the metabolic functioning of bacteria, and as a result the growth of the cell. S. marcescens is a bacterium which, like many others, requires a relatively warm temperature, neutral pH, and a low salt concentration to experience optimal growth. The objectives of this laboratory are to develop an experiment which will test the impact of environmental conditions on the growth of S. Marcescens and prodigiosin, to understand how different experimental conditions affect bacterial growth and prodigiosin production, and to gain a better understanding of the stages of the bacterial growth curve the production of prodigiosin throughout the growth cycle of S. Marcescens. In order to address each objective, students were separated into groups and each group focused on one environmental condition. This allowed each group to fully test and experiment the possible implications of their environmental condition. For each group, a proper lab protocol was created and followed accordingly. After testing the condition through a series of experiments, each group recorded their dat a and made it available to all other groups. In order to obtain the most thorough results possible, and to ensure the experiment was carried out as accurately as possible, it is important to generate hypotheses which can be compared to the acquired end results. For instance, the null hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for temperature expects that temperature will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for pH expects that pH values will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. And, the alternative hypothesis claims pH values will have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that different carbon sources will not have an effect on the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. While the alternative hypothesis for the carbon source condition expects that carbon sources will cause an increase or decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the NaCl concentration condition, also known as salinity, expects that sodium chloride concentrations will not affect the growth of S. marcescens or Prodigiosin production. However, the alternative hypothesis expects that differing sodium chloride concentrations will cause and increase/decrease on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production. The null hypothesis for the oxygen requirement Suggests that there will be no difference in the growth of S. marcescens and Prodigiosin production due to aeration or no aeration. While the alternative hypothesis suggests that depending on the condition, aeration or no aeration, an effect on the growth of S. marcescens and/or Prodigiosin production will occur. The null hypothesis in each condition suggests that no change will occur, regardless of the environmental condition. The primary purpose of the null hypothesis is for scientists to reject or disprove it, it is impossible to accept the null hypothesis, in a scenario where the null hypothesis is not rejected, it would simply be said that it failed to be rejected. And, the alterative hypothesis is simply the opposite of the null hypothesis. Materials and Methods The environmental condition tested in this experiment was oxygen requirement. The oxygen requirement refers to the practice of using aeration (shaking) or no aeration (no shaking) during the experiment. Aeration is important because it provides oxygen to bacteria, and it is commonly believed that aeration helps to increase optimal growth/prodigiosin production. In order to carry out this experiment and to test the effects of aeration/no aeration, the lab group had to utilize a machine called a Spectrophotometer. Sterile technique was used to remove 2mL of fresh media which was then pipetted into two cuvettes and set as blanks. Sterile technique was used again to remove 2 ml of each of the S. Marcescens cultures, Culture a which was shaken at 30 C, and Culture b which was not shaken at 30 C, into a cuvette. The spectrophotometer was set to 499 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture group after blanking. Next, the spectrophotometer was set to read absorbances at 600 wavelength and measurements were recorded for each culture after blanking. These steps were repeated every 30 minutes for the course of 180 minutes. Finally, after obtaining all necessary measurements, each S. Marcescens culture was returned to their respective incubators. The full dataset obtained through this group can be found in Figures 5 10. This group found that bacterial growth was higher when no aeration was implemented, and prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate during no aeration as well. The equation A499/(OD600 x 5.8108 cell/ml x 2 ml)= units of prodigiosin per cell was utilized to calculate prodigiosin production. Results The graphs pictured above show a complete summary of all the data collected throughout the experiment. Each graph shows data points that were collected and recorded every 30 minutes throughout the testing period, for both Growth and Prodigiosin Production. For temperature, the graph (Figure 1) indicates that optimal bacterial growth was reached at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Yet, growth was more consistent at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius, this in agreement with the idea that most bacteria tend to thrive in environments of higher temperatures. However, consistency alone is not effective at drawing a proper conclusion, so due to the growth curve, 25 degrees provides for optimal growth. Likewise, optimal growth was reached when the pH stayed at 7 consistently. This result was expected as many bacteria, including S. marcescens, thrive in neutral conditions. And, S. marcescens remained constant throughout the carbon source experiment, there was no rapid increase/decrease o f S. marcescens, this can be expected due to the fact that carbon is a substance found in all organic matter and is the backbone of all living organisms. Next, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached when the concentration of NaCl was at 0.1% NaCl, again, this is expected as most bacteria are not able to survive in environments that are high in NaCl. Lastly, it was determined that S. marcescens reached optimal growth under conditions of no aeration, this is different than what was expected as it is believed that aeration provides stimulation for growing bacteria. Prodigiosin production experienced a more significant increase at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius and a pH of 7, the same temperature and pH which was consistent with optimal bacterial growth. And, carbon source also remained the same throughout this part of the experiment. However, salinity experienced a significant shift, for instance, growth was more optimal at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, yet prodigiosin production experienced a higher rate at 3.0% NaCl. While prodigiosin production did decrease with aeration, there was a more significant decrease in no aeration, this is contradictive to the Aeration vs. Growth graph, and in agreement with scientific research. Discussion The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of various environmental conditions and on the growth and Prodigiosin production of S. Marcescens. In order to efficiently and accurately detect any possible change that these environmental conditions had we composed two different hypotheses, a null and an alternative. The null hypotheses suggest that the various factors would not significantly alter the amount of growth or Prodigiosin production. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis speculated that each of the environmental conditions would significantly change the growth or Prodigiosin production of the S. Marcescens in comparison to the bacterial scientific conventional wisdom. While this numerical change in the alternative hypothesis was not initially mentioned, it would later be calculated following the completion of the experiment. Following the experiment and analysis of data, the results were both revealing and expected. In the end, each of the environmental con ditions had an effect on growth and Prodigiosin production, some of these effects were expected, while others came as a surprise, such as the observation that no aeration provided more optimal growth for S. Marcescens. As it was aforementioned in the results paragraph, some of the manipulated variables yielded results parallel to the umbrella beliefs on optimal bacteria growth. The S. Marcescens had the highest optimal growth when exposed to a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius (Figure 1). It was revealed that optimal growth occurred at 65 degrees Celsius, and at a pH of 7. This is consistent with scientific data that suggests a neutral pH and high temperature are optimal conditions for bacterial growth (Herra and Falkiner 1984). In a similar sense, results showed that optimal growth was reached at an NaCl concentration of 0.1%, this is in agreement with scientific research which states that bacteria grow best in an environment with a low salt concentration. On the other hand, it was revealed that optimal growth was reached during conditions of no aeration, which is contradictive to the idea that aeration provides important stimulation to bacteria (Mattick 1940). As for Prodigiosin production, results stayed in agreement with optimal growth, with the exception of aeration. It was revealed that the rate of Prodigiosin production experienced an increase during conditions of aeration. Difficulties that may have impacted the results of this experiment were kept at a minimum, and if any occurred, they were minor. For example, groups relied on each other to relay correct information throughout the experiment, and since each group had a different environmental condition, it was nearly impossible to indicate whether the information being relayed was correct. If a group made a slight mistake or accidentally relayed the wrong information, it is unlikely that the error would have been caught and corrected, which could result in possible errors and inaccuracies in the end. With the exception of the oxygen requirement, the growth results obtained in this experiment support the findings by others based on the literature research. As mentioned, temperature, pH, carbon sources, and salinity are in agreement with the results of others. The Prodigiosin production results are the most supportive of the findings of others, as every environmental factor is in agreement with that of other scientific data, while in the growth section, aeration was the only one that separated from a common trend in thought. In order to enhance Prodigiosin production, it would be important to increase the amount of S. Marcescens used in this laboratory experiment. The more S. Marcescens we are able to use, the more Prodigiosin production will occur, and likely the results will become more accurate. In order to continue working on this project, it would be wise to consider adding more environmental factors and to further test the ones that have already been used. For instance, it would be a good idea to test more temperatures other than the three that are being used, and to test more pH values than the current three. All conditions can be expanded on, and it would provide more information and accurate details to expand more on each one. Other nutritional requirements such as energy source, nitrogen source, and mineral source would be interesting to look at since they all provide important chemical nutrients, and by doing this, we would be able to determine more accurately the effects of the current nutritional requirements. Works Cited Blamire, John. Properties of Microbes. BIOdotEDU, 2000, www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/CellBio/Growth/MGpH.html. Herra, Celine, and Frederick Falkiner. Serratia Marcescens. Brief History of Bacillus Anthracis, www.antimicrobe.org/b26.asp. Ketola, Tarmo, and Teppo Hiltunen. Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242574/. Mattick, A. T. R., et al. AN INSULATED BOX FOR THE CARRIAGE OF MILK SAMPLES. Wiley Online Library, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 11 Mar. 2008, www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1940.tb03933.x. Prodigiosin. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Prodigiosin. Wagner, Al B. Bacterial Food Poisoning | Food Technology Processing. Wine Cup, 2008, aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/food-technology/bacterial-food-poisoning/.

Essay on Against Racial Profiling - 1332 Words

Racial profiling is the enforcement of laws against a particular ethnicity, nationality, race or religion(Ullmann Zott). When the public was asked about racial profiling around the 1940’s where racism was common, probably they would be thinking about the discrimination of those who followed Judaism, or after Pearl Harbor when Japanese Americans had to leave their homes to go to the internment camps, but racial profiling sadly is still very much alive and not very effective. It has caused political problems such as President McKinley’s death(Nelson), social problems as alienation of the people (Orr) and economic problems as depriving people from equal opportunities (Orr), and for these unjustified acts racial profiling should be†¦show more content†¦Sadly, people never learn anything from history repeating itself, September 5, 1975, Lynette Squeaky Fromme has attempted to assassin president Gerald Ford, a few weeks later Sara Jane Monroe tried her own attempt of assassinating President Ford, at those times women were not considered potential presidential assassins, and neither of these women were considered a threat, because women were not stereotypically fit to description of a presidential assassin, in till they pulled the gun out. Other than presidential assassins there is the beltway sniper, in 2002 the beltway sniper killed about a dozen of people in Washington D.C area, the police were given the description of the assassin that fit the stereotypical description of a lone white man, but they were actually two African American men, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo that were able to escape the crime scene and police car road- block with the murder weapons in hand.(nelson) All though there are many examples that people racial profiling they never relies that they are racial profiling, they implanted cartain ideas in their heads not railes that it is wrong, well answer my question what is a bad side of town in your opinion? some would say a place where most theft acres or probable it is a poor part of town, and when I ask which group of people wouldShow MoreRelated An Argument Against Racial Profiling Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesI dont want to talk about whether or not racial profiling is legal. 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Thinking to myself that this is all I need, not knowing that it would be my last meal. On the walk back home, I have a feeling that I am being followed. I speed up. I turn around to find that a grown Hispanic man, mid-age, and heavily built is in fact, following me. In my head,

Music And Music Mozart And The Beatles Composed Pop And...

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a composer of classical music who was regarded as on of the best composers that had ever lived. The Beatles were a British boy band who had revolutionized pop and rock music. Although Mozart composed classical music and The Beatles composed Pop and Rock, the two have something in common; they revolutionized music. The Beatles do share a similarity to classical music though. Growing up, the members of The Beatles listened to BBC radio, which played classical music and familiarized them with what classical music was. It is vague though whether they were directly influenced by any of the master classical composers. Mozart and The Beatles shared another similarity: they both saw music as an art form and mastered the art. Mozart began playing music at a very young age and began to cultivate his mastery at a very young age. Mozart loved to play instruments along with composing pieces. He identified music as an outlet for his creativity and saw that he could express his emotions through music, which contributed to his success. The Beatles also saw music a way of expression. They utilized this art form to send a message to their listeners with conveyed freedom, rebellion, and enjoying life overall. Uniqueness defines the success of an artist. Mozart and The Beatles are undoubtedly unique, which contributed to their success. Mozart was unique in the aspect that he could effortlessly compose perfection in the form of musical pieces. He had a god givenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Swan Lake And The Nutcracker 1698 Words   |  7 PagesMusic. Entrancing both by its various individual styles and the unavoidable combination of diverse kinds which thusly have made other totally new and novel styles of music. Traditional music is a flawless sample. The soonest types of traditional music were made in the eighteenth and mid nineteenth hundreds of years and showed an exceptionally confused and modern type of composing joining an extensive variety of instruments and utilized the guideline of multi instrumentation which accomplished a fullRead MoreHindi Songs Copied from English Songs4679 Words   |  19 PagesHindi Songs Copied or Influenced from some other Song Hindi Song: Gupt Gupt (Gupt) Music Director: Viju Shah Copied From:  Deep Forest (Deep Forest) Hindi Song: Chim Chimni (Ghoonghat) Music Director: Anand Raaj Anand Copied From:  Chim Chimney (Mary Poppins) Hindi Song: Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (Title) Music Director: Sandeep Chowta Copied From: Exorcist IThe Heretic (Theme)  I:   Hindi Song: Dil Na Diya (Krrish) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From:  Ceddin Deden (Turkish Military March Track)  .

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition...

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program is a supplemental food and nutrition program for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women and children under age five who have a nutriThe Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Nutritional Program’s primary goals are to provide supplemental food and nutrition to women of a lower income who are pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum and children under age 5. In the 1960’s issues of women and their children of lower incomes succumbing to malnutrition started to arise and attract political attention. Children were suffering from malnutrition at an increasingly alarming rate. Women were at a comparative disadvantage and were not able to afford the important supplemental foods to ensure a proper diet for themselves and their children which can cause health issues. Malnutrition can cause developmental problems in a child’s brain causing learning difficulties. There were already food programs that were offered by public schools, because it was believed most children would receive all meals eaten from school, but this left out younger children who were not yet in school. Women were becoming pregnant and not being able to eat the important nutrients needed during pregnancy to ensure fetal growth, and so the mother would also stay healthy. Officials with the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the United St ates Department of Agriculture met with a group of physicians inShow MoreRelatedThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pages The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and WIC (Women, Infants, Children) programs both have similar jobs. Both programs attempt to help feed struggling families. 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The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition...

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program is a supplemental food and nutrition program for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women and children under age five who have a nutriThe Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Nutritional Program’s primary goals are to provide supplemental food and nutrition to women of a lower income who are pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum and children under age 5. In the 1960’s issues of women and their children of lower incomes succumbing to malnutrition started to arise and attract political attention. Children were suffering from malnutrition at an increasingly alarming rate. Women were at a comparative disadvantage and were not able to afford the important supplemental foods to ensure a proper diet for themselves and their children which can cause health issues. Malnutrition can cause developmental problems in a child’s brain causing learning difficulties. There were already food programs that were offered by public schools, because it was believed most children would receive all meals eaten from school, but this left out younger children who were not yet in school. Women were becoming pregnant and not being able to eat the important nutrients needed during pregnancy to ensure fetal growth, and so the mother would also stay healthy. Officials with the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the United St ates Department of Agriculture met with a group of physicians inShow MoreRelatedThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pages The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and WIC (Women, Infants, Children) programs both have similar jobs. Both programs attempt to help feed struggling families. 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WIC had been around since the 70’s and even then was very much about the healthRead MoreSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children Essay3550 Words   |  15 PagesRunning Head: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 3 The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Rebecca H. Thomas Simmons Introduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According toRead MoreThe Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women890 Words   |  4 Pages The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was started in 1972, and was permanently established in 1974 by the USDA (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015; Brown, 2011). WIC was established to safeguard the health of women, infants, and children up to age five who are low income and at nutritional risk; their mission is carried out by means of supplementing diets by providing access to nutritious foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding education, breastfeeding promotion, breastfeedingRead MoreThe Debate Around Welfare And Welfare State2062 Words   |  9 Pages2013). Women, Infants, and Children: The WIC Program The answer to Hudson’s question is that the programs offered for the Welfare State addresses different welfares. There are different programs addressing the welfare state of different groups of people. Some address the welfare of the indigenous people such as the Indigenous Peoples Partnership Program while others address the needs of women. One particular program, which would be the central topic of this paper, is the Special Supplemental NutritionRead MoreWic Is A Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children1012 Words   |  5 PagesWIC The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC is a nutrition program aimed at assisting low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to 5 years old who are at nutritional risk. The program aims to assist the individuals by providing foods with nutritional value in addition to their normal diet, also giving information about healthy eating including breastfeeding, and the program also gives referrals to healthcareRead MoreAn Article About A Local Non Profit Agency Doubling The Value Of Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program888 Words   |  4 Pagesagency doubling the value of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits when used at the local farmers’ market. One dollar of SNAP benefits would allow a participant to receive two dollars’ worth of items from the farmers market. The purpose of the non-profit doubling the value was to make fresh, local, healthy choic es available for a reasonable value to SNAP recipients. Week after week as I visited the farmers market and asked how the program was going, the market manager saidRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay3731 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children that live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According to the United States Census Bureau (2016), to be considered in poverty, individuals or families meet certain income thresholds based on family size and composition. Based on these thresholds, people in poverty are at the minimum level of income deemed adequate to provide the basic necessities inRead MoreEssay on Breastfeeding and The WIC Program1182 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC supplies almost fifty percent of the infant formula used in the US at no charge to the families. This has raised a red flag for concern because it is well-known that feeding with infant formula results in poorer health outcomes for infants than breastfeeding. Why should WIC offer any formula at all to its clients when breast milk is free, and it is known to be more beneficial for infants than formulaRead MoreAmerica Needs Welfare Reform Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Today our welfare programs give out too much money and the systems need to be reformed again. In 1996 The Welfare Reform Act was enacted and it changed the entire program for the better. However, since then, the programs have become abused and need to be reformed again. Many of the people that receive state or federal funding have more luxury items than the average middle class family. The government should check-in on the families that are receiving assistance to make sure they actually need the

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition...

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program is a supplemental food and nutrition program for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women and children under age five who have a nutriThe Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Nutritional Program’s primary goals are to provide supplemental food and nutrition to women of a lower income who are pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum and children under age 5. In the 1960’s issues of women and their children of lower incomes succumbing to malnutrition started to arise and attract political attention. Children were suffering from malnutrition at an increasingly alarming rate. Women were at a comparative disadvantage and were not able to afford the important supplemental foods to ensure a proper diet for themselves and their children which can cause health issues. Malnutrition can cause developmental problems in a child’s brain causing learning difficulties. There were already food programs that were offered by public schools, because it was believed most children would receive all meals eaten from school, but this left out younger children who were not yet in school. Women were becoming pregnant and not being able to eat the important nutrients needed during pregnancy to ensure fetal growth, and so the mother would also stay healthy. Officials with the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the United St ates Department of Agriculture met with a group of physicians inShow MoreRelatedThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pages The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and WIC (Women, Infants, Children) programs both have similar jobs. Both programs attempt to help feed struggling families. In the past SNAP allowed members to purchase food staples and prepackaged food, but a recent bill is being made in order to address these rules. These changes will deactivate members’ abilities to purchase prepackaged food, and has limited them to purchase only food staples. These food staples included foods such as riceRead MoreWic : Children, Infants, And Children1012 Words   |  5 PagesWIC is a truly amazing program, WIC is Women, Infants, and Children. WIC has been around helping families for a very long time. There are very different opinions on WIC, some people are for it and appreciate how they help families. Others view WIC as an easy way out to a difficult time. WIC has a lot of history, there are advantages, disadvantages, how it’s administers, statistics, the risk, and their positions on WIC. WIC had been around since the 70’s and even then was very much about the healthRead MoreSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children Essay3550 Words   |  15 PagesRunning Head: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 3 The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Rebecca H. Thomas Simmons Introduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According toRead MoreThe Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women890 Words   |  4 Pages The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was started in 1972, and was permanently established in 1974 by the USDA (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015; Brown, 2011). WIC was established to safeguard the health of women, infants, and children up to age five who are low income and at nutritional risk; their mission is carried out by means of supplementing diets by providing access to nutritious foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding education, breastfeeding promotion, breastfeedingRead MoreThe Debate Around Welfare And Welfare State2062 Words   |  9 Pages2013). Women, Infants, and Children: The WIC Program The answer to Hudson’s question is that the programs offered for the Welfare State addresses different welfares. There are different programs addressing the welfare state of different groups of people. Some address the welfare of the indigenous people such as the Indigenous Peoples Partnership Program while others address the needs of women. One particular program, which would be the central topic of this paper, is the Special Supplemental NutritionRead MoreWic Is A Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children1012 Words   |  5 PagesWIC The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC is a nutrition program aimed at assisting low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to 5 years old who are at nutritional risk. The program aims to assist the individuals by providing foods with nutritional value in addition to their normal diet, also giving information about healthy eating including breastfeeding, and the program also gives referrals to healthcareRead MoreAn Article About A Local Non Profit Agency Doubling The Value Of Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program888 Words   |  4 Pagesagency doubling the value of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits when used at the local farmers’ market. One dollar of SNAP benefits would allow a participant to receive two dollars’ worth of items from the farmers market. The purpose of the non-profit doubling the value was to make fresh, local, healthy choic es available for a reasonable value to SNAP recipients. Week after week as I visited the farmers market and asked how the program was going, the market manager saidRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay3731 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children that live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According to the United States Census Bureau (2016), to be considered in poverty, individuals or families meet certain income thresholds based on family size and composition. Based on these thresholds, people in poverty are at the minimum level of income deemed adequate to provide the basic necessities inRead MoreEssay on Breastfeeding and The WIC Program1182 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC supplies almost fifty percent of the infant formula used in the US at no charge to the families. This has raised a red flag for concern because it is well-known that feeding with infant formula results in poorer health outcomes for infants than breastfeeding. Why should WIC offer any formula at all to its clients when breast milk is free, and it is known to be more beneficial for infants than formulaRead MoreAmerica Needs Welfare Reform Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Today our welfare programs give out too much money and the systems need to be reformed again. In 1996 The Welfare Reform Act was enacted and it changed the entire program for the better. However, since then, the programs have become abused and need to be reformed again. Many of the people that receive state or federal funding have more luxury items than the average middle class family. The government should check-in on the families that are receiving assistance to make sure they actually need the

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition...

The Women Infant and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program is a supplemental food and nutrition program for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women and children under age five who have a nutriThe Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Nutritional Program’s primary goals are to provide supplemental food and nutrition to women of a lower income who are pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum and children under age 5. In the 1960’s issues of women and their children of lower incomes succumbing to malnutrition started to arise and attract political attention. Children were suffering from malnutrition at an increasingly alarming rate. Women were at a comparative disadvantage and were not able to afford the important supplemental foods to ensure a proper diet for themselves and their children which can cause health issues. Malnutrition can cause developmental problems in a child’s brain causing learning difficulties. There were already food programs that were offered by public schools, because it was believed most children would receive all meals eaten from school, but this left out younger children who were not yet in school. Women were becoming pregnant and not being able to eat the important nutrients needed during pregnancy to ensure fetal growth, and so the mother would also stay healthy. Officials with the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the United St ates Department of Agriculture met with a group of physicians inShow MoreRelatedThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pages The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and WIC (Women, Infants, Children) programs both have similar jobs. Both programs attempt to help feed struggling families. In the past SNAP allowed members to purchase food staples and prepackaged food, but a recent bill is being made in order to address these rules. These changes will deactivate members’ abilities to purchase prepackaged food, and has limited them to purchase only food staples. These food staples included foods such as riceRead MoreWic : Children, Infants, And Children1012 Words   |  5 PagesWIC is a truly amazing program, WIC is Women, Infants, and Children. WIC has been around helping families for a very long time. There are very different opinions on WIC, some people are for it and appreciate how they help families. Others view WIC as an easy way out to a difficult time. WIC has a lot of history, there are advantages, disadvantages, how it’s administers, statistics, the risk, and their positions on WIC. WIC had been around since the 70’s and even then was very much about the healthRead MoreSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children Essay3550 Words   |  15 PagesRunning Head: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 3 The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Rebecca H. Thomas Simmons Introduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According toRead MoreThe Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women890 Words   |  4 Pages The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was started in 1972, and was permanently established in 1974 by the USDA (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015; Brown, 2011). WIC was established to safeguard the health of women, infants, and children up to age five who are low income and at nutritional risk; their mission is carried out by means of supplementing diets by providing access to nutritious foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding education, breastfeeding promotion, breastfeedingRead MoreThe Debate Around Welfare And Welfare State2062 Words   |  9 Pages2013). Women, Infants, and Children: The WIC Program The answer to Hudson’s question is that the programs offered for the Welfare State addresses different welfares. There are different programs addressing the welfare state of different groups of people. Some address the welfare of the indigenous people such as the Indigenous Peoples Partnership Program while others address the needs of women. One particular program, which would be the central topic of this paper, is the Special Supplemental NutritionRead MoreWic Is A Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children1012 Words   |  5 PagesWIC The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC is a nutrition program aimed at assisting low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to 5 years old who are at nutritional risk. The program aims to assist the individuals by providing foods with nutritional value in addition to their normal diet, also giving information about healthy eating including breastfeeding, and the program also gives referrals to healthcareRead MoreAn Article About A Local Non Profit Agency Doubling The Value Of Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program888 Words   |  4 Pagesagency doubling the value of SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) benefits when used at the local farmers’ market. One dollar of SNAP benefits would allow a participant to receive two dollars’ worth of items from the farmers market. The purpose of the non-profit doubling the value was to make fresh, local, healthy choic es available for a reasonable value to SNAP recipients. Week after week as I visited the farmers market and asked how the program was going, the market manager saidRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay3731 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there is a significant number of women and children that live below the federal poverty line and many still live below twice the poverty line (Jackson, 2014). According to the United States Census Bureau (2016), to be considered in poverty, individuals or families meet certain income thresholds based on family size and composition. Based on these thresholds, people in poverty are at the minimum level of income deemed adequate to provide the basic necessities inRead MoreEssay on Breastfeeding and The WIC Program1182 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children also known as WIC supplies almost fifty percent of the infant formula used in the US at no charge to the families. This has raised a red flag for concern because it is well-known that feeding with infant formula results in poorer health outcomes for infants than breastfeeding. Why should WIC offer any formula at all to its clients when breast milk is free, and it is known to be more beneficial for infants than formulaRead MoreAmerica Needs Welfare Reform Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Today our welfare programs give out too much money and the systems need to be reformed again. In 1996 The Welfare Reform Act was enacted and it changed the entire program for the better. However, since then, the programs have become abused and need to be reformed again. Many of the people that receive state or federal funding have more luxury items than the average middle class family. The government should check-in on the families that are receiving assistance to make sure they actually need the